The Monkey Head Nebula (also known as NGC 2174 and Sharpless Sh2-252) is a star-forming region located 6,400 light-years away in the constellation Orion in which bright, newborn stars near the center of the nebula illuminate the surrounding gas with energetic radiation. The nebula is mostly composed of hydrogen gas. The cloud is sculpted by ultraviolet light carving into the cool hydrogen gas and dust. As the interstellar dust particles are warmed from the radiation from the stars in the center of the nebula, they heat up and begin to glow at infrared wavelengths.
The prime source of energy in the nebula is the massive, hot star named HD 42088. This star has a mass 30 times that of our Sun and a surface temperature 6 times greater. Such stars emit extraordinary amounts of ultraviolet radiation. The high-energy particles in these stars’ outer atmospheres are being blown away in high-speed “stellar winds.”
The ultraviolet radiation causes the nebula to shine. In combination with the stellar wind, this radiation also causes the nebula to expand. Dust and gas are being evaporated and scattered by the energy from the hot star. Where there is a very dense condensation, a pillar is formed pointing toward the star, because the knot shields the material behind it.
If the knot is dense enough, rather than scattering, it may be pushed to collapse into a new star. Such an event is occurring in a pillar above center right of the image. This cannot be seen in visible light, because those wavelengths are blocked by the pillar’s dust. The new star will eventually shed its dusty cocoon and emerge to be seen in optical wavelengths.
This image was captured January 22nd and 23rd 2021 and is made up of 163 240s subs. It was taken with an ASI071MC Pro camera, with OPT Radian Quad Ultra filter, attached to a WO Z73 refractor telescope riding a SkyWatcher EQ6r Pro mount. Guding via a WO 50mm guidescope and ASI120mm mini camera. Pegasus PBA provides power distribution and USB connectivity. QHY Polemaster for precise polar alignment. Senso Sesto electronic focuser.
Flame and Horsehead Nebula in the Orion Molecular Cloud
The Orion Molecular Cloud Complex is situated close to the celestial equator and, as such, it is at least partly visible from both hemispheres in certain times of the year. This means that astrophotographers all over the world are able to share their images of the areas targets including this Flame, Horsehead, Orion, Running Man and De Marian’s Nebula among others. Here in the northern hemispehere its a winter target. Clear cold nights allow for stunning images.
This image captures several distinct items. The Flame Nebula, designated as NGC 2024 and Sh2-277, is an emission nebula situated just next to the very bright star Alnitak. It is about 900 to 1,500 light-years away. That bright star Alnitak (ζ Ori), the easternmost star in the Belt of Orion, shines energetic ultraviolet light into the Flame and this knocks electrons away from the great clouds of hydrogen gas that reside there. Much of the glow results when the electrons and ionized hydrogen recombine. Additional dark gas and dust lies in front of the bright part of the nebula and this is what causes the dark network that appears in the center of the glowing gas. In this center is a concentrated cluster of newly formed stars.
The Flame Nebula is part of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex, a star-forming region that includes the famous Horsehead Nebula. The Horsehead Nebula (also known as Barnard 33) is a small dark nebula in the constellation Orion. The nebula is located just to the south of that bright star, Alnitak, the easternmost star of Orion’s Belt within the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex. It appears within the southern region of the dense dust cloud known as Lynds 1630, along the edge of the much larger, active star-forming H II region called IC 434, which is the backdrop of the Horsehead.
The Horsehead Nebula is approximately 422 parsecs or 1,375 light-years from Earth. It is one of the most identifiable nebulae because of its resemblance to a horse’s head. The nebula was first recorded in 1888 by Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming on a photographic plate taken at the Harvard College Observatory. One of the first descriptions was made by E. E. Barnard, describing it as: “Dark mass, diam. 4′, on nebulous strip extending south from ζ Orionis”, cataloguing the dark nebula as Barnard 33 The dark cloud of dust and gas is a region in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex where star formation is taking place.
Colour images reveal a deep-red colour that originates from ionised hydrogen gas (Hα) predominantly behind the nebula, and caused by the nearby bright star Sigma Orionis. Magnetic fields channel the gases, leaving the nebula into streams, shown as foreground streaks against the background glow. A glowing strip of hydrogen gas marks the edge of the enormous cloud, and the densities of nearby stars are noticeably different on either side.
Heavy concentrations of dust in the Horsehead Nebula region and neighbouring Orion Nebula are localized into interstellar clouds, resulting in alternating sections of nearly complete opacity and transparency. The darkness of the Horsehead is caused mostly by thick dust blocking the light of stars behind it. The lower part of the Horsehead’s neck casts a shadow to the left. The visible dark nebula emerging from the gaseous complex is an active site of the formation of “low-mass” stars. Bright spots in the Horsehead Nebula’s base are young stars just in the process of forming.
IC 443 (also known as the Jellyfish Nebula and Sharpless 248 (Sh2-248)) is a galactic supernova remnant in the constellation Gemini. It lies adjacent to the emission nebula Sharpless 249, a star forming region, in the left half of this image. Some really smart folk who’ve been studying this believe that IC 443 may be the remains of a supernova (Star Explosion) that occurred 3,000 – 30,000 years ago. The same supernova event likely created the neutron star CXOU J061705, the collapsed remnant of the stellar core. The shock wave from the explosion produced the particularly intricate lacework of nebulosity that makes up the Jellyfish. The nebula, which is about 5,000 light years away, is adjacent to a rich region of star formation called Sharpless 249. IC 443 is one of the best-studied cases of supernova remnants interacting with surrounding molecular clouds.
The region is bordered by two very bright stars – Propus to the right and Tejat on the left. I find these two by lining up Alnitak (bottom star in Orions Belt) with the bright red star Betelgeuse and continuing about as far again. The two little stars are visible to the naked eye.
Eta Geminorum is the star’s Bayer designation. The traditional names Tejat Prior, Propus (from the Greek, meaning forward foot) and Praepes and Pish Pai (from the Persian Pīshpāy, پیشپای, meaning foreleg). In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN’s first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Propus for this star. Between the Propus and Tejat are several faint areas of nebulosity. IC 443, the jellyfish while further east around μ Gem is the emission nebula Sh 249 (left side of image). In between is the small faint emission nebula IC 444 (the bridge between the jellyfish and Sh 249).
Image captured with a ASI071MC Pro camera attached to a WO Z73 refractor telescope riding a SkyWatcher EQ6r Pro equitorial mount. Image acquisition with APT and processed manually in PixInsight. Exposures of 240s(28), 360s(94), 600s(32) – totaling 996 minutes, or 16.6 hours. All at unity gain and cooled to 20f. Calibration masters utilized.
There’s so much going on in this image. I try to describe it all but take a moment and enjoy all there is within. Three distinct Nebulae and two star clusters – one image of a tiny piece of the sky.
Sharpless 157, sometimes referred as the Lobster Claw Nebula, is an emission nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia. The predominantly yellowish part of the top of the nebula is a very large H II region that is ring-shaped by the stellar wind of several giant stars. The blueish colored arms at the bottom part of the Ha region mainly consist of highly ionized oxygen (OIII) and other gases.
Located to the right of the lobsters claws in the middle of the image is NGC 7635, also known as the Bubble Nebula, or Sharpless 162. It is a very bright H II region emission nebula, also in the constellation Cassiopeia. It lies close to the direction of the open cluster Messier 52. The “bubble” is created by the stellar wind from a massive hot, 8.7 magnitude young central star, SAO 20575. The nebula is near a giant molecular cloud which contains the expansion of the bubble nebula while itself being excited by the hot central star, causing it to glow. It was discovered in 1787 by William Herschel.
Cassiopeia Salt & Pepper Cluster Messier 52 or M52, also known as NGC 7654, is an open cluster of stars in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia. It was discovered by Charles Messier on September 7, 1774. In the image it is located just to the lower-right of the buble nebula. It’s a dense cluster with colorful stars with a nebulous backdrop.
NGC 7538, Northen Lagoon Nebula (Brain Nebula), near the more famous Bubble Nebula, is located in the constellation Cepheus. It is a region of active star formation including several luminous near-IR and far-IR sources. It also is very bright and is located at the bottom middle of the image. You’ll notice the nebulosity to the right of NGC 7538 – it’s part of the cepheus nebula region which reaches all the way over to NGC 7000.
NGC 7510, Dormouse Cluster, is an open cluster of stars located around 11,400 light years away in the constellation Cepheus, near the border with Cassiopeia. In this image it’s located on the bottom of the left “claw”, a mix of OIII and Ha gases.
I certainly hope you enjoy this image as much as I do. Such a lovely part of our night sky.
Orion Nebula (M42); De Mairan’s Nebula (M43); Running Man Nebula (Sh2-279)
The Orion Nebula (also known as Messier 42, M42, or NGC 1976) is a diffuse nebula situated in the Milky Way south of Orion’s Belt in the constellation of Orion. It is one of the brightest nebulae, and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. M42 is located at a distance of 1,344 light years and is the closest region of massive star formation to Earth. The M42 nebula is estimated to be 24 light years across. It has a mass of about 2,000 times that of the Sun.
De Mairan’s Nebula (M43) is a star-forming nebula with a prominent H II region in the equatorial constellation of Orion. It was discovered by the French scientist Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan some time before 1731, then catalogued by French astronomer Charles Messier on March 4, 1769. The De Mairan’s Nebula is part of the Orion Nebula (M42), being separated from the main nebula by a dense lane of dust known as the northeast dark lane. It is part of the much larger Orion Molecular Cloud Complex.
The main ionizing star in this nebula is HD 37061, which is positioned near the center of the H II region and located 1,300ly from the Sun. This is a triple star system with the brighter component being a single-lined spectroscopic binary. The main component is a blue-white hued B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B0.5V or B1V. It has 19 times the mass of the Sun and 5.7 times the Sun’s radius. The star is radiating over 26,000 times the Sun’s luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 31,000 K. It is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of around 200 km/s.
The H II region of M43 is a roundish volume of ionized hydrogen centered on HD 37061. There is a dark lane crossing in front of the region from north to south, known as the M43 dark lane.
Sh2-279 (Running Man Nebula) is an HII region and bright nebulae that includes a reflection nebula located in the constellation Orion. It is the northernmost part of the asterism known as Orion’s Sword, lying 0.6° north of the Orion Nebula. The reflection nebula embedded in Sh2-279 is popularly known as the Running Man Nebula. The Running Man Nebula is a popular target for amateur astrophotographers, as it lies close to the Orion Nebula and has many nearby guide stars. The outline of the running man shows up primarily in photographs; it is difficult to perceive visually through telescopes, though the reflection nebula itself is visible in small to medium apertures in dark skies.
The Orion Nebula is one of the most scrutinized and photographed objects in the night sky, and is among the most intensely studied celestial features. While that may be true, it was a very difficult target to photograph without blowing out the core and the large stars. It is surrounded by hydrogen gas as seen in the red hues thoughout. The dark nebula of M43 as well as the Running Man nebula add character to the image.
The nebula has revealed much about the process of how stars and planetary systems are formed from collapsing clouds of gas and dust. Astronomers have directly observed protoplanetary disks, brown dwarfs, intense and turbulent motions of the gas, and the photo-ionizing effects of massive nearby stars in the nebula.
The Nebula is visible with the naked eye even from areas affected by some light pollution. It is seen as the middle “star” in the “sword” of Orion, which are the three stars located south of Orion’s Belt. The star appears fuzzy to sharp-eyed observers, and the nebulosity is obvious through binoculars or a small telescope.
The Orion Nebula contains a very young open cluster, known as the Trapezium due to the asterism of its primary four stars. Two of these can be resolved into their component binary systems on nights with good seeing, giving a total of six stars. The stars of the Trapezium, along with many other stars, are still in their early years. The Trapezium is a component of the much larger Orion Nebula Cluster, an association of about 2,800 stars within a diameter of 20 light years. Two million years ago this cluster may have been the home of the runaway stars AE Aurigae, 53 Arietis, and Mu Columbae, which are currently moving away from the nebula at speeds greater than 100 km/s (62 mi/s).
There has been speculation that the Mayans of Central America may have described the nebula within their “Three Hearthstones” creation myth; if so, the three would correspond to two stars at the base of Orion, Rigel and Saiph, and another, Alnitak at the tip of the “belt” of the imagined hunter, the vertices of a nearly perfect equilateral triangle with Orion’s Sword (including the Orion Nebula) in the middle of the triangle seen as the smudge of smoke from copal incense in a modern myth, or, in an ancient one, the literal or figurative embers of a fiery creation.
I encourage you to have a read of the wikipedia information available. The observing and photographic history of this complex is very interesting. Who knew that in the 1600’s people made telescopes?
The Rosette Nebula is an H II region located near one end of a giant molecular cloud in the Monoceros region of the Milky Way Galaxy. The open cluster NGC 2244 is closely associated with the nebulosity, the stars of the cluster having been formed from the nebula’s matter.
The Rosette Nebula is a cloud of dust containing enough material to make about 10,000 stars like our Sun. In the center of the nebula, and off to the right hand side of this image, is a cluster of hot, bright young stars. These are warming up the surrounding gas and dust, making it appear blue.
The Rosette is a very busy area! A survey of the nebula with the Chandra X-ray Observatory has revealed the presence of numerous new-born stars inside optical Rosette Nebula and studded within a dense molecular cloud. Altogether, approximately 2500 young stars lie in this star-forming complex, including the massive O-type stars HD 46223 and HD 46150, which are primarily responsible for blowing the ionized bubble. Most of the ongoing star-formation activity is occurring in the dense molecular cloud to the south east of the bubble.
Another interesting tidbit of knowledge – On April 16, 2019 the Oklahoma Legislature passed HB1292, making the Rosette Nebula the official state astronomical object. Oklahoma Governor Kevin Stitt signed it into law April 22, 2019.
This photograph is comprised of 318 images totaling ~20 hours of exposure taken with a ZWO ASI071MC Pro camera and a WO Z73 scope w/flat7a riding a Skywatcher EQ6r Pro equitorial mount from my driveway parking area. Captured remotely on my laptop running APT & PHD2. Processed manually in PixInsight with PS doing the jpeg conversion.
There are 2 Caldwell designations as well a 5 New General Catalog (NGC) items within this cluster. They can be read about in Wikipedia via a google search. I dare ya!
